The Body Heretic: It Scorns Our Efforts
By GINA KOLATA

HE
promises are everywhere. Sure, you smoked. But you can erase all those
years of abusing your lungs if you just throw away the cigarettes.
Eating a lot of junk food? Change your diet, lose even 5 or 10 pounds
and rid yourself of those extra risks of heart disease and diabetes.
Stay out of the sun - who cares if you spent your youth in a state of
bronzed bliss? If you protect yourself now, skin cancer will never get
you.
Maybe it should be no surprise that America's popular and commercial
cultures promote the idea of an inexhaustible capacity for
self-rejuvenation and self-repair. After all, if America as an idea has
meant anything, it has meant just that - the possibility of continual
transformation - becoming wealthier, more spiritual, more beautiful,
happier and feeling younger.
That optimism has helped create a society of unmatched vitality - a
source of bewilderment, alarm and envy to the rest of the world. But
Americans often forget, or aren't aware, of how unusual they are in this
respect, notes Dr. Daniel Haber, director of the cancer center at
Massachusetts General Hospital.
"I grew up in Europe and I travel in Europe," he said. "And there's
an amazing contrast." Europeans are far more fatalistic about their
lives, he said. They believe "you need to enjoy life," so they smoke,
they bask in a sun, they take pleasure in a leisurely, indulgent meal
and they don't feel compelled to go to a gym.
Americans, Dr. Haber says, believe in control - of their bodies,
their mental faculties and their futures. So shedding some pounds or
some unhealthy habits is not merely sensible. It suggests a new
beginning, being born again.
Maybe that is why people may feel betrayed when Peter Jennings
explains that he stopped smoking, at least for a while, and still got
lung cancer. Or why, two decades after his death, people still talk
about Jim Fixx, the running guru who lost weight, stopped smoking, ran
every day and dropped dead of a heart attack.
In fact, science is pretty clear on all of this: There are real
limits to what can be done to reverse the damage caused by a lifetime of
unhealthy living. Other than lung cancer, which is mostly a disease of
smokers, there are few diseases that are preventable by changing
behavior in midlife.
But that is not what most people think, said Dr. Barnett Kramer, the
associate director for disease prevention at the National Institutes of
Health. Instead, they believe that if you reform you'll erase the
damage, in part because public health messages often give that
impression. "It is easy to overestimate based on the strength of the
messages," Dr. Kramer said. "But we're not as confident as the messages
state."
Eating five servings of vegetables and fruit has not been shown to
prevent cancer. Melanoma, the deadly skin cancer, occurs whether or not
you go out in the sun. Gobbling calcium pills has not been found to
prevent osteoporosis. Switching to a low-fat diet in adulthood does not
prevent breast cancer.
At most, Dr. Kramer said, the effect of changing one's diet or
lifestyle might amount to "a matter of changing probabilities," slightly
improving the odds. But health science is so at odds with the American
ethos of self-renewal that it has a hard time being heard. Here, where
people believe anything is possible if you really want it, even aging is
viewed as a choice.
"It's hard to find an American who doesn't believe that, with enough
will, he or she can achieve anything - we've been brought up to believe
that," said Dr. Barry Glassner, a sociology professor at the University
of Southern California. Health, he emphasized, is no exception: "It's
the same whether you're 40, 50 or 80. It doesn't matter whether you are
male or female, black or white. "
But in matters of health, the strongest willed person simply cannot
wipe the slate of life clean and begin again. This is true even with
lung cancer and smoking. Those who quit may greatly reduce their risk of
lung cancer. But they cannot eliminate it.
"The best you can be is a former smoker - you can't be a 'never
smoker,' " said Dr. Kramer. "It's not all or none. It's a matter of
changing probabilities."
In fact, in every area of desired physical self-renewal, the
probabilities make it hard to argue that life allows one to start over.
At health clubs, pear-shaped people in their 40's and 50's
obsessively lift weights, trying for those defined muscles that, even in
youth, come only to those with a certain genetic predisposition. But by
middle age, the overweight tend to stay that way, and the body has a
harder time increasing muscle mass. So even the greatest personal
trainer will not produce rippling abs.
At the cardiologist's office, middle-age men, learning that their
arteries are starting to clog, swear they'll never eat chips and
hamburgers again, and that they will take up jogging. Some do and a
small percentage even stick with it. But no amount of exercise or diet
change will make the plaque in their arteries disappear. Despite common
public health recommendations, walking for half an hour a day, five days
a week probably won't make most people lose weight. And while a regular
regimen of walking or running will likely improve your stamina and
cardiovascular fitness, there is no guarantee that it will reverse heart
disease, prevent or forestall a heart attack or in any way extend your
life.
The effects of other measures, like changing lifestyle or switching
to a diet rich in raw vegetables, are even less clear when it comes to
preventing cancer, said Dr. Kramer. "Even if they do affect the cancer,"
he said, " it may be that it's over an entire lifetime."
So what are Americans, with their faith in starting over, to do? When
it comes to making oneself over, said Dr. Glassner, they have two
options. One, he said, "is that you can consider yourself inadequate or
inferior" for failing to force the years to melt away. The other is to
shift the definition of rejuvenation from a arduous restructuring of the
self to a paint job.
"Now, instead of losing the weight you're going to go for cosmetic surgery," Dr. Glassner said.
That is not really an answer. Collagen injections or surgery may give
people more youthful looking faces, but only for a while. And
liposuction won't help for long if the body restores the fat that was
suctioned off the patient's arms or buttocks.
Then there is a third possibility for the resourceful, Dr. Glassner
said. An overweight person can simply redefine himself as a "food
adventurer."
There is one group, however, for whom a strong sense of control over the future may be an unalloyed good: the sick.
"Protective illusions," says Dr. Shelley Taylor, a psychology
professor at the University of California at Los Angeles, can be a good
thing. In her research, she found that among people with serious
diseases, those who felt they still had control over their lives coped
better with their illnesses.
The optimists fared better psychologically even when they became
more ill - shattering the illusion of control. "What you often see is
people use something like cancer as an opportunity to discover value in
their lives, and meaning," Dr. Taylor said. "They reorder their
priorities. They focus on relationships more. Control and optimism shift
to things that can be dealt with."
For those in good health, there is still another option, though it is
decidedly a minority position. This is simply to scale back on one's
self-engineering and take more pleasure in simply getting from day to
day.
The American essayist Joseph Epstein nicely expressed this view in an
essay, written when he hit the age of 60, which he gave the mordant
title, "Will You Still Feed Me?" In it, Mr. Epstein expresses the virtue
of just enjoying the ride.
"At 60," he writes, "one probably does well not to expect wild
changes, at least not for the better. Probably best not even to expect a
lot in the way of self-improvement. Not a good idea, I think, at this
point to attempt to build the body beautiful. Be happy-immensely happy,
in fact-with the body still functional."
Of course, many in midlife will still decide to hit the gym, to eat
better, drink less, relax more. And that's a good thing, if only because
they will feel better for being fitter. But they shouldn't expect it to
erase the effects of all those years that came before.
FROM:
THE NEW YORK TIMES